Vajrabhairava and Consort

Object Details

• Description

  The center of this painting is occupied by a pair of ferocious Buddhist deities standing in union within a flashing aura. The are Father-Mother (yab-yum) whose sexual embrace symbolizes the union of wisdom and compassion. The god, colored dark blue, is Vajrabhairava, the Diamond Terrifier, a fierce, cosmic form of the bodhisattva Manjusri and a particular aspect of Yamantaka, Terminator of Death. In Nepal the deity is often called Mahisa Samvara. Vajrabhairava's consort, colored pale blue, is Vajravetali, the Diamond Zombie.

  Vajrabhairava has nine heads, the principal one in the form of a fierce, three-eyed, horned buffalo, seven supplementary demonic heads in human form, and the crowning ninth the benign, golden-skinned Manjusri. All but two of the god's thirty-four arms fan around him like wings and with red painted palms he spreads behind him the flayed skin of the elephant of ignorance and grasps a variety of emblems, weapons and human body parts. With his two principal arms he embraces his consort and displays an entrail-filled human skull and a chopping knife. His sixteen legs are compressed into two stocky columns but reveal clearly demarcated red-soled feet and a multitude of toenails. Standing in the energetic "heroic diagonal," he tramples deities and assorted animals (on his right) and deities and birds (on his left). Depicted beside the principal deities, at the right border of the painting, is a cremation ground occupied by Naropa, a famous siddhua (accomplished one), a stupa, human remains, and scavenger animals. It symbolizes the phenomenal world.

  At the top of the thanka are five seated figures, the central one a benign, blue-colored deity who with crossed arms symbolically embraces a consort. It is the sixth transcendental Buddha, Vajradhara. He is surrounded by three yellow-hatted Gelukpa monks, a sect which particularly favors Vajrabhairava. The monks wear red and gold robes and two of them hold tantric symbols. The third, at far left, holds his hands in the teaching mudra and probably represents Tsong Khapa, founder of the Gelukpa sect. The fifth image, unidentified and possibly female, wears lay clothing and holds a large lotus and manuscript. If female, she may represent the manuscript-holding goddess Prajnaparamita.

  In the lower register, directly beneath the principal pair of deities, is an ithyphallic buffalo-headed, image who brandishes a skull-tipped wand in one hand and in the other a gilt, trident-tipped standard. He is supported on the back of a water buffalo engaged in raping a dead or dying human in the midst of a sea of blood. It is Yama, the God of Death. His consort, Chamundi, depicted as a long-haired, animal-headed dakini cloaked in an animal skin, presents him with a skull cup brimming with human remains. Beneath this pair are other skull cups filled with grisly offerings, and around them are twelve vari-colored yab-yum figures. They represent the twelve Yamantaka couples that accompany Vajrabhairava in his mandala.

• Provenance

  ?-1994

  Adrienne Minassian (1913-1994), method of acquisition unknown [1]

  1994-1999

  Estate of Adrienne Minassian, by descent from Adrienne Minassian [2]

  From 1999

  Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, bequest of Adrienne Minassian [3]

  Notes:

  [2] See notes titled, “Adrianne Minassian Estate Object List (Notes from 7/24/1995 New York Trip),” copy in object file. Object is described as “? Tanka (framed on the wall).”

  Adrienne Minassian was a dealer in New York, NY specializing in Islamic and Near Eastern art. She was the daughter of the dealer Kirkor Minassian (1874-1944), who had galleries in New York, NY, and France.

  [2] See “Incoming Receipt,” dated July 19, 1997, copy in object file. The object was transferred from the Estate of Adrienne Minassian to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery for acquisition consideration on July 19, 1997.

  [3] See Arthur M. Sackler, “Acquisition Consideration Form,” approved on March 10, 1999, copy in object file.

  Research updated August 7, 2023

• Collection

  National Museum of Asian Art Collection

• Previous custodian or owner

  Adrienne Minassian (1913-1994)

  Estate of Adrienne Minassian

• Origin

  Tibet

• Credit Line

  Bequest of Adrienne Minassian

• Type

  Painting

• Restrictions and Rights

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Keep Exploring

• Related Resources

  collections.si.edu

• Date

  1600s, 1790s

• Name

  Minassian, Adrienne, Estate of Adrienne Minassian

• Place

  Tibet

• Topic

  Art, Cosmic union, Naropa, Vajradhara, Manjushri, Lotus, Stupa, Elephants, Water buffalo, Teaching, South Asian and Himalayan Art, Animals, Death, Skull, Yamantaka, Woman, Buffaloes, Prajnaparamita

• Culture

  Buddhists, Himalayan peoples, South Asians

• Object Type

  Paintings