Conservation and Scientific Research

Conservator repairing the arm of a wooden guardian statue

Long before the Freer Gallery of Art opened its doors to the public in 1923, museum founder Charles Lang Freer regularly brought specialists from Japan to care for the Asian artworks on view in his Detroit mansion. Today, as the foremost center in the United States for the care and scientific study of the arts of Asia, the Department of Conservation and Scientific Research (CSR) continues the work begun in the East Asian Painting Conservation Studio in 1932 and the Technical Laboratory in 1951.

The Freer and Sackler use a valuable combination of conservation and scientific methods to study works of art. Our scientists and conservators strive to improve methods of preservation, educate others in conservation practices, and conduct research into materials, such as the pigments used in Asian paintings.

Our scientists, conservators, and specialists collaborate closely with the museums’ design, exhibition, and curatorial departments. Together, they safeguard the collections, ensure the proper display and storage of objects, and contribute to the ever-growing understanding and appreciation of Asian and American art.

Names in bold are those of NMAA staff, past and present.

2023

Strahan, Donna and Blythe McCarthy, eds. Research on Early Chinese Lacquer Buddhas: Proceedings of the Sixth Forbes Symposium at the Freer Gallery of Art. London, England: Archetype Publications in association with the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, 2023. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/116413.

2020

McCarthy, Blythe. “Examination of Processing Techniques in Cultural Heritage Objects with Radiography.” American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 99, no. 5 (2020): 24-29.

2019

Jacobson, Emily and Blythe McCarthy. “Whistler’s Little Game: Watercolor Materials and Technique.” Book and Paper Annual 38 (2019): 15–28.

Jacobson, Emily and Blythe McCarthy. “Knowledge of a Lifetime” in Whistler in Watercolor: Lovely Little Games. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019.

Jan, Grace. “Comparison of Chinese Painting and Western Paper Conservation Techniques.” Book and Paper Annual 38 (2019): 29–39.

Polidori, Elisabetta, Emily Jacobson and Blythe McCarthy. “Going Beyond Appearances: Examination of Hidden Paint Layers in a Gulistan of Sa’di from the Freer Gallery of Art” Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation 8 (2019): 1–40. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.9728213.v2.

Strahan, Donna. “Debating the use of Lost-Wax Casting in Ancient China,” Forbes Lecture on Scientific Research in the Field of Asian Art, 2019. https://asia.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Forbes-Lecture-lost-wax-ancient-china.pdf.

Strahan, Donna and Denise Patry Leidy. “Practice and Production: Three Life-Size Chinese Buddhist Sculptures,” Online publication in conjunction with 2018–19 exhibition Secrets of the Lacquer Buddha. https://asia.si.edu/exhibition/practice-and-production-four-life-size-chinese-buddhist-sculptures-in-american-collections/.

Wagner S., M.L. Clarke, and J. M. Walker. “Linnaeus Tripe and Lightly Albumenized Prints in the 1850s: Characterization, Analysis and Process Identification.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation. https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2019.1609824.

2018

Thomas, D., M.L. Clarke, B. McCarthy, and E. Chase. “Stability of Polyvinyl Butyral Polymers with Light Exposure.” American Institute for Conservation Research and Technical Studies Specialty Group Postprints 6 (2015–2018): 192–213.

2017

Hare, Andrew. “Reformatting the Context of a Rikyū Letter.” In Around Chigusa: Tea and the Arts of Sixteenth-Century Japan, edited by Andrew Watsky, Louise Cort, and Dora Ching (2017): 135–155.

McCabe, C., ed. Platinum and Palladium Photographs: Technical History, Connoisseurship, and Preservation. Washington, DC: American Institute for Conservation, 2017.

Chipman, Alisha, and Matthew L. Clarke. “A Technical Study of Paul Strand’s Platinum Prints,” 372–87.

Clarke, Matthew L. “Characterization, Degradation, and Analysis of Platinum and Palladium Prints,” 102–15.

Clarke, Matthew L.,and Dana Hemmenway. “Investigating Chelating Agents for the Treatment of Platinum Prints,” 258–59.

Clarke, Matthew L., Keana Scott, and Alline Myers. “Platinum-Palladium Prints at the Nanoscale,” 118–21.

McCabe, Constance, Christopher A. Maines, Mike Ware, and Matthew L. Clarke. “Alfred Stieglitz’s Palladium Prints: Treated by Steichen,” 356–71.

McCabe, Constance, Christopher McGlinchey, Matthew L. Clarke,and Christopher A. Maines. “Satista Prints and Fading,” 124–27.

2016

Lauffenburger, J., D. Strahan, and G. Gates. “Two Bayon-Period Khmer Bronzes in the Walters Art Museum: Technical Study Revisited.” In Metal 2016: Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, September 26–30, 2016, New Delhi, India, 31–38. New Delhi: ICOM-CC in association with the Indira Ghandi National Centre for the Arts, 2016.

Strahan, D., and M. Tsukada. “Measuring Mercury Emissions from Cinnabar Lacquer Objects.” Studies in Conservation 61, no. S3 (2016): 166–72.

2015

Clarke, M. L., C. McCabe, C. A. Maines, S. A. Centeno, L. Barro, and A. Vila. “An Investigation into Japine Platinum Photographs: William Willis’s Proprietary Paper.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 54 (2015): 213–23.

Hare, Andrew, and Yumi Shintani. “Making Mylar Preservation Rollers for Storing East Asian Scrolls.” 2015. http://asia.si.eud/research/dcsr/downloads/Making-a-Mylar-roller.pdf.

2014

Becker, L., D. Strahan, and A. O’Connor. “Technical Observations on Casting Technology in First-Millennium Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam.” In Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia, by John Guy, 267–71. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2014.

Carò, F., J. G.Douglas, and M. Polkinghorne. “Stone materials used for lintels and decorative elements of Khmer temples.” Metropolitan Museum Studies in Art, Science, and Technology 2 (2014): 51–68.

Cort, L. A., and A. W. Watsky, eds. Chigusa and the Art of Tea. With contributions by Takeuchi Jun’ichi, Oka Yoshiko, Li Baoping, Li Jianan, Nishida Hiroko, Omori Masashi, Inoue Kikuo, Satoh Rumi, Yoshioka Akemi,Chika Mouri,Blythe McCarthy, Kumakura Isao, and Julia Meech. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 2014.

Douglas, J. G., and J. T. Haynes. “Petrography of stone used for sculpture from the Buddhist cave temples of Xiangtangshan dating to the Northern Qi dynasty.” Metropolitan Museum Studies in Art, Science, and Technology 2 (2014): 93–114.

Jan, Grace. “My Training Here and Abroad.” 2014. http://asia.si.edu/research/dcsr/jan-report.asp.

Laursen, S., and D. Strahan. “Art and Technology in a Chinese Gold Cicada Plaque.” Archives of Asian Art 64, no. 1 (2014): 43–57.

Mouri, C., A. Aali, X. Zhang, and R. Laursen. “Analysis of dyes in textiles from the Chehrabad salt mine in Iran.” Heritage Science 2, no. 20 (2014). http://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-014-0020-3.

Mouri, C., V. Mozaffarian, X. Zhang, and R. Laursen. “Characterization of flavonols in plants used for textile dyeing and the significance of flavonol conjugates.” Dyes and Pigments 100 (2014): 135–41.

Okazaki, C., K. Kobayashi, N. Mita, Y. Kanai, E. Hayasaka, H. Terasawa, K. Yonekura, M. Ohyama, M. Suzuki, M. Yoshimitsu,C. Mouri, and M. Mikage. “Quick drying of botanical specimens by microwave with special drying unit and their restoration by water absorption: An anatomical study.” [In Japanese.] Bulletin of the Higashitaisetsu Nature Center 1 (2014): 9–14.

Santos, R.,and J. Hallett. “Interwoven knowledge: The understanding and conservation of three Islamic carpets.” In Writing Material Culture History, edited by A. Gerritsen and G. Riello, 257–64. London: Bloomsbury Publisher Ltd., 2014.

Strahan, D., and M. Tsukada. “Measuring Mercury Emissions from Cinnabar Lacquer Objects.” Studies in Conservation 59, no. S1 (2014): S137–140.

Strahan, D., and S. Korolnik. “Archaeological Conservation.” In Troia 1987–2012: Grabungen und Forschungen I, edited by Ernst Pernicka, Charles Brian Rose, and Peter Jablonka, 520–33. Bonn, Germany: Dr. Rudolf Hablet GmbH, 2014.

2013

Laursen, R., and C. Mouri. “Decomposition and analysis of carthamin in safflower-dyed textiles.” e-Preservation Science 10 (2013): 35–37.

Liu, J., C. Mouri, R. Laursen, F. Zhao, Y. Zhou, and W. Li. “Characterization of dyes in ancient textiles from Yingpan, Xinjiang.” Journal of Archaeological Science (2013): 1–6.

2012

Jett,Paul, Blythe McCarthy, and Janet G. Douglas, eds. Scientific Research on Ancient Asian Metallurgy: Proceedings of the Fifth Forbes Symposium at the Freer Gallery of Art. London: Archetype Publications, in association with the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, 2012.

Chase, W. T. “The Making of Volume 2 of the Freer Chinese Bronze Book,” 12–22.

Strahan, D. “An Enlightened Journey: Transitions in Casting of Chinese Buddhist Images,” 73–82.

Vincent, Brice, David Bourgarit, and Paul Jett. “Khmer Bronze Metallurgy during the Angkorian Period (Twelfth to Thirteenth Centuries): Technical Investigation of a New Selected Corpus of Artifacts from the National Museum of Cambodia, Phnom Penh,” 124–53.

2011

Aylward, W., W. Marx, and D. Strahan. “Elemental Identification of Artifacts and Pigments from Ancient Ilion with X-ray Fluorescence.” Studia Troica 19 (2011): 57–68.

Douglas, Janet G. “Reconsidering the Configuration of a Jade and Gold Assemblage from Jincun: A Technical Study.” Arts of Asia 41, no. 6 (2011): 117–21.

Hare, Andrew, and Yumi Shintani. “Making East Asian Scroll Boxes.” 2011. http://asia.si.edu/research/dcsr/eapcs.asp.

Hare, Andrew. “Best Practices for Display and Care of Western Two-Dimensional Objects and East Asian Scrolls and Screens.” American Association of Museums, 2011. http://learningtimesevents.org/aam/login/.

Heginbotham, Arlen, A. Bezur, M. Bouchard, J. M. Davis, K. Eremin, J. H. Frantz, L. Glinsman, L. Hayek, D. Hook, V. Kantarelou, A. Karydas, L. Lee, A. Lins, J. Mass, C. Matsen, B. McCarthy, M. McGath, B. Price, A. Shugar, J. Sirois, D. Smith, and R. J. Speakman. “An Evaluation of Inter-Laboratory Reproducibility for Quantitative XRF of Historic Copper Alloys.” In Metal 2010: Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOMCC Metals Working Group, October 11–15 2010, Charleston, South Carolina. Charleston: ICOM–CC, 2011.

Jacobson, Emily. “Sharing Expertise.” In Saving Haiti’s Heritage: Cultural Recovery After the Earthquake, by Richard Kurin, 174. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2011.

Koss, K., E. S. Chase, and B. McCarthy. “Examination of ceramic vessels from the Ban Chiang culture in the collection of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.” In Preprints of the ICOM-CC 16th Triennial Conference, Lisbon, 19–23 September, 2011. International Council of Museums (ICOM), 2011. CD-ROM.

Norman, Jane, and P. Jett. “Conserving Iron Sculpture.” In Saving Haiti’s Heritage: Cultural Recovery After the Earthquake, by Richard Kurin, 190–91. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2011.

McCarthy, Blythe. “The tradition of science and paintings conservation at the Freer Gallery of Art.” In Proceedings of the 33rd International Symposium on the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Property—Restoration of Japanese Paintings—Advanced Technology and Traditional Techniques, 171–86. Tokyo: National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 2011.

Strahan, D.“Uranium in Glass, Glazes, and Enamels.” In Health & Safety for Museum Professionals, edited by Catharine Hawks et al., 456. New York: Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections, 2011.

2010

Belard, R. N. “The May 1st Sutra: Conservation of a Nara-Period Handscroll.” Journal of the Institute of Conservation 33, no. 1 (2010): 93–109.

Caro, F., J. G. Douglas, and S. Im. “Towards a Quantitative Petrographic Database of Khmer Stone Materials—Koh Ker Style.” Archaeometry 52, no. 2 (2010): 191–208. Published online August 4, 2009, http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2009.00475.x.

Chao, Raina, B. McCarthy, and G. Yano. “Non-destructive investigation of Raku ceramic glazes.” In Glass and Ceramics Conservation 2010: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Working Group, October 3–6, 2010, Corning, New York, U.S.A., edited by Hannelore Roemich, 145–55. New York: Corning Museum of Glass, 2010.

Cort, L., and P. Jett, eds. Gods of Angkor: Bronzes from the National Museum of Cambodia. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 2010.

Hare, Andrew, Courtney Shimoda, Jiro Ueda, Regina Belard, and Grace Jan. “Safe Handling Practice for Chinese and Japanese Scrolls and Screens.” 2010. http://asia.si.edu/research/dcsr/safeHandlingDemo.asp.

Jett, P. “A Technical Study of the Kampong Cham Figure Group.” In Gods of Angkor: Bronzes from the National Museum of Cambodia, 78–87. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 2010.

Jett, P. “Appendix 3: A Consideration of the Validity of the Radiocarbon-Dating Results.” In The Antiquity of Nepalese Wood Carving: A Reassessment, by Mary Shepard Slusser, 285–89. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2010.

Jett, P. “Buddhist Bronzes in Cambodia: A Newly Discovered Cache.” Orientations 41, no. 5 (2010): 48–52.

Leidy, D. P., and D. Strahan. Wisdom Embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist Sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.

Strahan, D. “Piece-Mold Casting: A Chinese Tradition for Fourth and Fifth Century Buddha Images.” The Metropolitan Museum Studies in Art, Science, and Technology 1 (2010): 133–55.

2009

Belard, R. N., H. Higuchi, and J. Perry. “Furunori (aged wheat starch paste): challenges of production in non-traditional settings.” Journal of the Institute of Conservation 32, no. 1 (2009): 31–51.

Brostoff, L., J. J. Gonzales, P. Jett, and R. E. Russo. “Trace element fingerprinting of ancient Chinese gold with femtosecond laser ablation-inductively coupled mass spectrometry.” Journal of Archaeological Science 36, no. 2 (2009): 461–66.

McCarthy, B.,E. S. Chase, L. A. Cort, J. G. Douglas, and P. Jett, eds. Scientific Research on Historic Asian Ceramics: Proceedings of the Fourth Forbes Symposium at the Freer Gallery of Art. London: Archetype Publications, in association with the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, 2009.

Koss, K., B. McCarthy, E. S. Chase, and D. Smith. “Analysis of Persian Painted Minai Ware,” 33–47.

Strahan, D.“Lacquer: The Conservation Challenge.” In The Conservation of Asian Lacquer: Case Studies at the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, edited by Jane L. Williams et al. San Francisco: Asian Art Museum, 2009. http://www.asianart.org/lacquer-conservation/lacquer-contents.htm.

2008

Charette, S., P. Jett, and S. Huot. “Metal Conservation at the National Museum of Cambodia.” In Preprints: 15th Triennial Conference, New Delhi, 22–26 September 2008, vol. 1, 386-92. New Delhi: International Council of Museums, 2008.

Douglas, J. G.“Petrographic characterization of sandstones from ancient Khmer sculpture at the National Museum of Cambodia, Phnom Penh.” In Interpreting Southeast Asia’s Past: Monument, Image and Text, edited by E. A. Bacus, I. C. Glover, and P. D. Sharrock, 357–66. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2008.

Douglas, J. G. “Research Relating to Early Chinese Jades in the Collections of the Sackler and Freer Galleries.” In New Frontiers in Global Archaeology: Defining China’s Ancient Traditions, Proceedings of the International Symposium Celebrating the Tenth Anniversary of the Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archaeology at Peking University, Beijing, edited by Thomas Lawton, 267–78. Tokyo: Arthur M. Sackler Foundation for the Arts, Sciences and Humanities, 2008.

Douglas, J. G., F. Caro, and C. Fischer. “Evidence of sandstone usage for sculpture during the Khmer Empire in Cambodia through petrographic analysis.” UDAYA: Journal for Khmer Studies 9 (2008): 1–17.

Douglas, J. G., and J. Yang. “Materials and technology of Chinese jades dating to the Western Zhou period (1050–771 BCE).” Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences 51, no. 4 (2008): 467–80.

Jett, P. “Ancient Chinese Gold from the Paul Singer Collection: Technical Studies and Questions of Attribution.” In New Frontiers in Global Archaeology: Defining China’s Ancient Traditions, Proceedings of the International Symposium Celebrating the Tenth Anniversary of the Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archaeology at Peking University, Beijing, edited by Thomas Lawton, 457–70. Tokyo: Arthur M. Sackler Foundation for the Arts, Sciences and Humanities, 2008.

McCarthy, B. “Faience in Ancient South Asia.” In Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, edited by Helaine Selin, 915–17. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, 2008.

Strahan, D. “Seismic Mitigation at the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco.” In Advances in the Protection of Museum Collections from Earthquake Damage, edited by Jerry Podany, 107–13. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2008.

Taube, M., and B. McCarthy. “Thermal Expansion and Residual Stress in Ancient Chinese Bronze Castings.” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VIII, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol. 1047, 243–51. Warrendale, PA: Materials Research Society, 2008.

Vandiver, P. B., B. McCarthy, R. H. Tykot, J. L. Ruvalcaba-Sil, and F. Casadio, eds. Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VIII, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol. 1047. Warrendale, PA: Materials Research Society, 2008.

Winter, J. East Asian Paintings: Materials, Structures and Deterioration Mechanisms. London: Archetype Publications, in association with the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 2008.

2007

Brostoff, L., J. J. Gonzales, P. Jett, J. Yang, and R. E. Russo. “LA-ICP-MS methodology for trace element analysis of archaeological metals: problems and solutions.” In METAL 07: Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, September 1722, 2007, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 31–37. Amsterdam: ICOM-CC, 2007.

Douglas, J. G., P. Jett, and J. Winter, eds. Scientific Research on the Sculptural Arts of Asia: Proceedings of the Third Forbes Symposium at the Freer Gallery of Art. London: Archetype Publications, in association with the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, 2007.

Douglas, J. G., and S. Sorensen. “Mineralogical characteristics of Khmer stone sculpture in the Bayon style,” 115–24.

Jett, P., L. Brostoff, and L. Dussubieux. “Technical Study and Elemental Analysis of Chinese Gold from the Late Eastern Zhou Period,” 53–62.

Strahan, D., and M. Fenn. “A Transfer of Technology: Jade Abrasive Methods Used to Create Inscriptions in Ancient Chinese Bronzes,” 26–36.

Winter, J. “Surface decoration on the limestone sculptures from Qingzhou, Shangdong Province, China,” 165–73.

Winter, J., and E. W. FitzHugh. “Pigments Based on Carbon.” In Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, vol. 4, edited by B. H. Berrie, 1–37. Washington and London: National Gallery of Art and Archetype Publications, 2007.

Yang, J., P. Jett, T. Zhang, and Y. Ding. “A Technical Study of Gold and Silver from Shenheyuan, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China, Dating to the Warring States Period.” The National Palace Museum Monthly on Chinese Art, no. 291 (2007): 114–22.

Yang, J., P. Jett, X. C. Zhao, and M. Taube. “The Silver Wire of the Tang Dynasty: Technical Analysis and Research.” Kaogu Yu Wenwu [Archaeology and Cultural Relics], no. 6 (2007): 106–9.

2006

Casadio, F., J. Douglas, and K. T. Faber. “Noninvasive methods for the investigation of ancient Chinese jades: an integrated analytical approach.” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 387, no. 3 (2006): 791–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0684-y.

Douglas, J. G., and J. Yang. “Zhongguo Shaanxi dong Zhou zhi Qin dai qi jian yu qi de X guang yan she fen xi” [X-ray diffraction analysis of seven jades dating to the Eastern Zhou and Qin dynasties from Shaanxi Province, China]. In Xi’an bei jiao Qin mu [Qin Tombs in the Northern Suburb of Xi’an], 385–89. Xi’an: San qin chu ban she [Sanqin Publishing House], 2006.

Hare, A. “Guidelines for the Care of East Asian Paintings: Display, Storage and Handling.” The Paper Conservator 30 (2006): 73–92.

Jett, P. “Conservation and Scientific Research.” Arts of Asia 36, no. 1 (2006): 132–37.

2005

Douglas, J. G. “A review on some recent research on early Chinese jades.” In Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis, from the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia of the National Academy of Sciences, 206–14. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005.

Jett, P., J. Winter, and B. McCarthy, eds. Scientific Research on the Pictorial Arts of Asia: Proceedings of the Second Forbes Symposium at the Freer Gallery of Art. London: Archetype Publications, in association with the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, 2005.

Giaccai, J., and J. Winter. “Chinese Painting Colors: History and Reality,” 99–108.

Swider, J. R., and M. Smith. “Funori—Review of a 300-Year-Old Consolidant.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 44, no. 2 (2005): 117–26.

Winter, J. “The State of the Field: Overview.” In Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis, edited by the National Academy of Sciences, 3–11. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005.

Yueh, L., P. Jett, and Y. Chun-Chang. “An Experimental Analysis of the Bronze Fu Excavated from a Han Tomb by the Shanxi Chiao-Tung School.” Bulletin of the National Museum of History 15, no. 142 (2005): 68–71.

2004

Douglas, J. G. “Stone materials used in Khmer sculpture from the National Museum of Cambodia.” UDAYA: Journal of Khmer Studies 5 (2004): 1–18.

2003

Bernstein, J. R., and B. McCarthy. “Non-destructive characterization of gilded bronze using swept and pulsed eddy current techniques.” In Conservation Science 2002, edited by J. Townsend, K. Eremin, and A. Adriaens, 222–26. London: Archetype Publications, 2003.

Douglas, J. G. “Recent Research on Archaeological Jade, Stone and Glass in the Freer and Sackler Galleries.” In Preprints of the International Congress on Archaeological Science, 3–8. Nara, Japan: Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 2003.

FitzHugh, E. W., J. Winter, and M. Leona, eds.“Studies Using Scientific Methods: Pigments in Later Japanese Paintings.” Freer Gallery of Art Occasional Papers, n.s., 1 (2003).

FitzHugh, E. W. “A Database of Pigments on Japanese Ukiyo-e Paintings in the Freer Gallery of Art,” 9–62.

Leona, Marco, and J. Winter. “The Identification of Indigo and Prussian Blue on Japanese Edo-Period Paintings,” 63–87.

FitzHugh, E. W. “Forbes Prize Lecture. Asian pigments: some special cases.” Studies in Conservation 48 (2003): 65–69.

Jett, P., J. G. Douglas, B. McCarthy, and J. Winter, eds. Scientific Research in the Field of Asian Art: Proceedings of the First Forbes Symposium at the Freer Gallery of Art. London: Archetype Publications, in association with the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, 2003.

Douglas,  J. G. “Exploring Issues of Geological Source for Jade Worked by Ancient Chinese Cultures with the Aid of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy,” 192–99.

FitzHugh, E. W.“Pigments on Japanese Ukiyo-e Paintings in the Freer Gallery of Art,” 150–56.

McCarthy, B., and E. S. Chase. “Feathers of Blue on a Field of Gold: Chinese Ornament with Kingfisher Feather Cloisonné,” 15–23.

Murakami, R., M. Sawada, W. T. Chase, andP. Jett. “A Scientific Study of Identical Bronze Mirrors from Japan,” 97–102.

Winter, J.,J. Giaccai, and M. Leona. “East Asian Painting Pigments: Recent Progress and Remaining Problems,” 157–63.

Swider, J. R., V. A. Hackley, and J. Winter. “Characterization of Chinese ink in size and surface.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 4, no. 3 (2003): 175–86.

2002

Bernstein, J. R., and B. McCarthy. “Examination of Gilded Bronze Artifacts Using Nondestructive Eddy Current Techniques.” In Proceedings of the Materials Research Society, vol. 712, edited by P. B. Vandiver, M. Goodway, and J. L. Mass, 119–27. 2002.

Chase, E. S., and B. McCarthy. “Rhapsody in Blue: Kingfisher Feather Ornaments in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.” Postprints of the AIC Textile Group 12 (2002): 45–55.

Douglas, J. G., B. McCarthy, et al. “Gokok: Korean Glass and Stone Comma-Shaped Beads at the Freer Gallery of Art.” Ornament 25, no. 4 (2002): 34–39.

FitzHugh, E. W. Review of Artists’ Pigments, c. 1600–1835, by R. D. Harley. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 41 (2002): 187–89.

McCarthy, B., C. Downie, and P. Mohanty. “Early Historic Period Ceramic Smoking Pipes from Budhigarh, in the Kalahandi District of Orissa, India.” In Proceedings of the Materials Research Society, vol. 712, edited by P. B. Vandiver, M. Goodway, and J. L. Mass, 401–7. 2002.

McCarthy, B., and L. Wei. “Analysis of Six Vessels Glazed or Enameled in Monochrome Green/Blue.” In Proceedings of the 2002 International Symposium on Ancient Ceramics—Its Scientific and Technological Insights, edited by G. Jingkun, 279–83. Shanghai: Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, 2002.

Smith, M. Review of Islamic Paper: A Study of the Ancient Craft, by Helen Loveday. Journal for the American Institute for Conservation 41, no. 1 (2002): 97–98.

Tully, E. D. “The Conservation of a Circa 3rd Century BCE Chinese Bronze Dagger-Axe with Organic Remains.” Postprints of the AIC Textile Group 12 (2002): 37–44.

Wei, L., and B. McCarthy. “Analysis of Cizhou Monochrome Green Enamels and Lead Glazes from Guantai Kiln in Northern China, Song to Jin Dynasty.” In Proceedings of the Materials Research Society, vol. 712, edited by P. B. Vandiver, M. Goodway, and J. L. Mass, 375–82. 2002.

Wei, L., B. McCarthy, and C. Yubing. “The Study of Lead Glazes from Cizhou Kiln Site at Guantai.” In Proceedings of the 2002 International Symposium on Ancient Ceramics—Its Scientific and Technological Insights, edited by G. Jingkun, 151–61. Shanghai: Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, 2002.

2001

Douglas, J. G. “The Effect of Heat on Nephrite and Detection of Heated Chinese Jades by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).” In Proceedings of the Conference on Archaic Jades across the Taiwan Strait, 543–54. Taipei, 2001.

Douglas, J. G., and W. T. Chase. “Examination of Two Eastern Zhou Jade and Gold Assemblages from Jincun, Near Loyang, Henan Province, China, and Implications for the Original Configuration of the Freer Pectoral.” Studies in Conservation 46, no. 1 (2001): 35–48.

Douglas, J. G., and B. McCarthy. “Fifty Years and Counting: Scientific Research in Asian Art at the Freer and Sackler Galleries.” Smithsonian Forum on Material Culture: Material Matters 41 (2001): 1–3.

Leona, M., and J. Winter. “Fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy: a unique tool for the investigation of Japanese paintings.” Studies in Conservation 46, no. 3 (2001): 153–62.

McCarthy, B. “Technical Analysis of Reds and Yellows from the Tomb of Suemniwet, Theban Tomb 92.” In Colour and Painting in Ancient Egypt, by W. V. Davies, 17–21. London: British Museum Press, 2001.

2000

Douglas, J. G. “Commentary: On the Authentication of Ancient Chinese Jades Using Scientific Methods.” Orientations 31, no. 2 (2000): 86.

Jett, P., and W. T. Chase. “The Gilding of Metals in China.” In Gilded Metals: History, Technology and Conservation, by T. D. Weisser, 145–55. London: Archetype Publications, 2000.

1999

FitzHugh, E. W., and H. M. Szczepanowska. “Fourteenth century documents of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem: analysis of inks, parchment and seals.” The Paper Conservator 23 (1999): 36–45.

1998

Douglas, J. G., and J. F. So. “Understanding and Identifying Jades from the Hongshan Culture.” In East Asian Jade: Symbol of Excellence, vol. 1, edited by C. Tang, 148-63. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998.

FitzHugh, E. W.,and L. A. Zycherman. “An early man-made blue pigment from China—barium copper silicate.” Translated by Z. Zhijun. Wenwu baohu yu kaogu kexuo [Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology] 10, no. 2 (1998): 50–58.

Koob, S. P. “Obsolete fill materials found on ceramics.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 37, no. 1 (1998): 49–67.

Koob, S. P. “The analysis and treatment of Chinese Qing Dynasty crizzling glass vessels in the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.” In XVIII International Congress on Glass, 1–6. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1998.

Koob, S. P. “Crizzling and Related Problems in Glass II.” Art and Archaeometry (1998): 1–6.

1997

Chase, W. T.,and J. G. Douglas. “Appendix II: Technical Studies and Metal Compositional Analyses of Bronzes of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes from the Arthur M. Sackler Collections.” In Ancient Bronzes of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes from the Arthur M. Sackler Collections, by E. C. Bunker, 306–18. New York: Arthur M. Sackler Foundation, 1997.

FitzHugh, E. W., ed. Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press, and Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1997.

FitzHugh, E. W.“Orpiment and Realgar,” 47–79.

Schweppe, H., and J. Winter. “Madder and Alizarin,” 109–42.

Winter, J. “Gamboge,” 143–55.

FitzHugh, E. W., and L. Zycherman. “A purple barium copper silicate pigment from early China.” Translated by Z. Zhijun. Wen Po [Relics and Museology] 79 (1997): 73–82.

Jett, P.“A Note Concerning the Radiocarbon Dating of a Chinese Dry Lacquer Figure in the Collection of the Freer Gallery of Art.” Orientations 28, no. 10 (1997): 66–67.

Sigel, T., and S. P. Koob. “Conservation and restoration under field conditions: ceramics treatment at Sardis, Turkey.” In Objects Specialty Group Postprints V, 98–115. San Diego: AIC, 1997.

Smith, M. “Hunting for Old Paper with James McNeill Whistler.” The Book and Paper Group Annual 16 (1997): 89–90.

1996

Chase, W. T., B. D. Nandadeva, et al. “Beautiful Microstructures.” Asian Art and Culture IX 1 (1996): 69–83.

Douglas, J. G. “The Study of Chinese Archaic Jades Using Non-Destructive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy.” Acta Geologica Taiwanica 32 (1996): 43–54.

Douglas, J. G., L. P. Tan, et al. “Geology of Tremolite Rock and Petrofabrics of Archaic Chinese Yu.” Acta Geological Taiwanica 32 (1996): 85–101.

FitzHugh, E. W. “Jade: 1. Types and Properties; 2. Techniques; 3. History, sources and uses.” In The Dictionary of Art, Grove’s Dictionaries, Inc., vol. 16, 857–62. New York and London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1996.

Jett, P. Review of The Materials of Sculpture, by Nicholas Penny, and The Technique of Greek Bronze Statuary, by Denys Haynes. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 35, no. 1 (1996): 65–66.

Koob, S. P. “Using Acryloid B-72 for the repair of archaeological ceramics.” In Conservation Notes. Austin: Materials Conservation Laboratory, Texas Memorial Museum, 1996.

Koob, S. P., R. H. Brill, et al. “The Kenchreai opus sectile glass panels revisited: a comparison and assessment of previous treatments.” In IIC 16th International Congress, by A. Roy and P. Smith, 105–10. London: IIC, 1996.

Winter, J. 1996. “Ink: I. Types and properties; II. Uses; III. Conservation.” In The Dictionary of Art, Grove’s Dictionaries, Inc., vol. 15, 849–56. New York and London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1996.

Winter, J. 1996. “Japan: I. Materials and techniques; VI. Painting.” In The Dictionary of Art, Grove’s Dictionaries, Inc., vol. 17, 139–42. New York and London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1996.

Winter, J., C. Maines, et al. “Applications of image processing and analysis in research on works of art.” In Imaging the Past: Electronic Imaging and Computer Graphics in Museums and Archaeology, vol. 114, edited by T. Higgins, P. Main, and J. Lang, 35–48. London: British Museum, 1996.

1995

Chase, W. T., D. Chen, et al. “A Study on Lead Isotope Ratios of the Sanxingdui Pit-burial Bronzes.” [In Chinese.] Wen Wu 2 (1995): 80–85.

Jett, P. “The Study and Treatment of Chinese Dry Lacquer Sculpture.” In International Symposium on the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Property: Conservation of Urushi Objects, 167–86. Tokyo: Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, 1995.

Koob, S. P. “The conservation of archaeological glass, with special reference to Chinese glasses.” In Proceedings of the 17th International Congress on Glass, Beijing, China, October 9–14, 1995. Beijing: International Academic Publishers, 1995.

1994

Bassett, J., and W. T. Chase. “Considerations in the Cleaning of Ancient Chinese Bronze Vessels.” In Ancient and Historic Metals: Conservation and Scientific Research, edited by D. Scott, J. Podany, and B. B. Consadine, 63–74. Marina del Rey, CA: Getty Conservation Institute, 1994.

Chase, W. T.“Chinese Bronzes: Casting, Finishing, Patination and Corrosion.”In Ancient and Historic Metals: Conservation and Scientific Research, edited by D. Scott, J. Podany, and B. B. Consadine, 85–117. Marina del Rey, CA: Getty Conservation Institute, 1994.

Chase, W. T., Z. Jin, et al. “A Study of the Ratios of Lead Isotopes in Bronzes from Shang Tombs at Dayangzhou, Xingan.” [In Chinese.]Kaogu[Archaeology] 8, no. 735 (1994): 744–47.

Douglas, J. G. “Appendix: Geological Examination of the Avalokiteśvara S1987.910, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.” TheJournal of the Walters Art Gallery52/53 (1994/1995): 110–11.

Norman, J., and S. Koob. “Attention to Lacquer at the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.” The Newsletter of the Working Group on Lacquer of the ICOM Committee for Conservation4 (February 1994): 5–6.

1993

Chase, W. T., Z. Jin, et al. “Lead Isotope Studies on Ancient Bronze Coinage of the Warring States Period” [Zhanaguo gubi de gian tongweisu bizhi de yenjiu]. Wen Wu 8 (1993): 80–89.

FitzHugh, E. W., and R. J. Gettens. “Azurite and Blue Verditer.” InArtists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, vol. 2, edited by A. Roy, 23–35. New York: Oxford University Press, and Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1993.

FitzHugh, E. W., and R. J. Gettens. “Malachite and Green Verditer.”In Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, vol. 2, edited by A. Roy, 183–202. New York: Oxford University Press, and Washington DC: National Gallery of Art, 1993.

FitzHugh, E. W., and R. J. Gettens, et al. “Calcium Carbonate Whites.” InArtists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, vol. 2, edited by A. Roy, 203–26. New York: Oxford University Press, and Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1993.

Jett, P. “The Gilding of Chinese Buddhist Bronzes.”In Surface Colouring and Plating of Metals, 193–200. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993.

Jett, P. “Two Examples of the Treatment of Ancient Silver.” InCurrent Problems in the Conservation of Metal Antiquities, 173–87. Tokyo: Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, 1993.

Jett, P. “Two Gold Bracelets from Syria Reunited.”Jewellery Studies6 (1993): 74–76.

1992

Chase, W. T. “Corrosion Problems with Steppe Bronzes (and Some Other Technical Observations).” InInternational Academic Conference of Archaeological Cultures of the Northern Chinese Ancient Nations. Hohot, Inner Mongolia, 1992.

FitzHugh, E. W., and W. M. Floor. “Cobalt.” InEncyclopedia Iranica, vol. 5, fasc. 8, edited by E. Yarshater, 873–75. New York: Columbia University, 1992.

FitzHugh, E. W., and L. A. Zycherman. “A purple barium copper silicate pigment from early China.”Studies in Conservation37 (1992): 145–54.

Gunter, A., and P. Jett. Ancient Iranian Metalwork in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 1992.

Jett, P., and J. G. Douglas. “Chinese Buddhist Bronzes in the Freer Gallery of Art: Physical Features and Elemental Composition.” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol.267, 205–24. 1992.

Koob, S. P. “Recovery and treatment of skeletal remains at Herculaneum.” InRetrieval of Objects from Archaeological Sites, 157–66. London: Archetype Publications, 1992.

Sayre, E. V., P. Jett, and E. C. Joel. “A Technical Examination of the Chinese Buddhist Bronzes in the Freer Gallery of Art, Part B: Stable Lead Isotope Analysis.”In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol. 267, 225–38. 1992.

1991

Chase, W. T. “Ancient Chinese Bronze Art.” New York: China Institute in America, 1991.

Chase, W. T., and Y. Chen. “The imitative metallography investigating of ‘Six Alloys’ of the bronze.”Wenwu Baochu ye Kaogu Kexue[Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology] 3, no. 2 (1991): 7–16.

Jett, P. “Technologische Studie zu den Vergoldeten Guanyin-Figuren aus dem Dali-Konigreich.”In Der Goldschatz der Drei Pagoden, by A. Lutz, 68–74. Zurich: Gebunden, 1991.

Koob, S. P. “The use of Acryloid B-72 in the treatment of archaeological ceramics: minimal intervention.”Art and Archaeology II: Materials Research Society Symposium185 (1991): 591–96.

1990

Chase, W. T. Review of Bronze-working centres of Western Asia c. 1000–539 BC, edited by John Curtis.Antiquity64, no. 242 (1990): 172–73.

Chase, W. T., C. Wang, et al. “Research on Powdery Corrosion of the Ancient Bell from the Tomb of Cai Hou.”Zhongguo Kexue[Chinese Science] 6 (1990): 639–44.

Jett, P.“An Example of the Use of Brass in Chinese Lacquerware.” Archives of Asian Art XLIII (1990): 59–60.

Koob, S. P., M. Rogers, et al. “Preserving the 8th Century B.C. mudbrick architecture at Gordion, Turkey: approaches to conservation.” Adobe 90 (1990): 289–94.

Smith, M.“The Conservation of Islamic Book Pages.” The Book and Paper Group Annual 9 (1990): 118–19.

1989

Chase, W. T., and N. Veloz. “Abrasive cleaning of statuary and other structures: A century of technological examination of blasting procedures.”Technology and Conservation10, no. 1 (1989): 18–28.

Winter, J. “Chinese ink.”Expedition31, no. 1 (1989): 52–53.

Winter, J. “Identification of some early Korean pigments.”Misul Charyo43 (1989): 1–36.

1988

Chase, W. T.,P. R. Jett, et al. “The treatment of a Chinese red lacquer stationery box.” In TheConservation of Far Eastern Art, 142–45. London: IIC Kyoto Congress, 1988.

FitzHugh, E. W. “Appendix 9: Study of pigments on selected paintings from the Vever Collection.” InAn Annotated and Illustrated Checklist of the Vever Collection, by G. D. Lowry and M. C. Beach, 425–32. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1988.

Koob, S. P. “The conservation and restoration of red-figure Stamnos No. 48-30-3.”Exhibition 30, no. 2 (1988): 29–30.

Snyder, J. G. “Appendix 10: Study of paper of selected paintings from the Vever Collection.” InAn Annotated and Illustrated Checklist of the Vever Collection, by G. D. Lowry and M. C. Beach, 433–40. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, and Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1988.

Winter, J., and E. Joel. “‘Lead White’ in Japanese paintings (II): Measurement of lead isotope ratios.”Kobunkazai no Kagaku33 (1988): 33–44.

1987

Chase, W. T., I. L. Barnes, et al. “Appendix II—Lead isotope ratios.” In Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections, by R. W. Bagley, 558–60. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1987.

Chase, W. T., N. F. Veloz, et al. “Successful use of soft abrasives (walnut shells) for cleaning outdoor sculpture by air jets.” Old Cultures and New Worlds: Contributions to the International Council on Monuments and Sites 8th General Assembly and International Symposium1 (1987): 492–98.

Winter, J. “Organic colors in East Asian paintings: the identification of gamboge.” In 8th Triennial Meeting Sydney, Australia 6–11 September, 1987 Preprints, Vol. 1, 111–17. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute in association with ICOM Committee for Conservation, 1987.

Winter, J., and T. Ellentuck. “The photographic enhancement of seal impressions.”Archives of Asian Art40 (1987): 74–77.

1986

FitzHugh, E. W. “Red Lead and Minium.” In Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, vol. 1, edited by R. L. Feller, 109–39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, and Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1986.

Koob, S. P. “The use of Paraloid B-72 as an adhesive: Its application on archaeological ceramics and other materials.”Studies in Conservation31, no. 1 (1986): 7–14.

Nishio, Y. “Pigments used in Japanese paintings: New directions in paper conservation.” ThePaper Conservator11 (1986): 39–45.

1985

Atil, E.,W. T. Chase, and P. Jett. Islamic Metalwork in the Freer Gallery of Art. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985.

Chase, W. T. “Lacquer examination and treatment at the Freer Gallery of Art: Some case histories.” InUrushi: Proceedings of the Urushi Study Group, Tokyo,95–112. Marina del Rey, CA: Getty Conservation Institute, 1985.

Chase, W. T., and N. F. Veloz. “Some considerations in surface treatment of outdoor metal sculptures.” InPreprints: American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works 13th Annual Meeting,23–35. Washington, DC: American Institute for Conservation, 1985.

FitzHugh, E. W., and J. Winter. “Some technical notes on Whistler’s ‘Peacock Room.’”Studies in Conservation30 (1985): 149–54.

Jett, P., S. Sturman, and T. D. Weisser. “A study of the Egyptian bronze falcon figures in the Walters Art Gallery.”Studies in Conservation30 (1985): 112–18.

Nishio, Y., and R. Nishiumi. “Japanese painting strip reinforcement techniques.” Book and Paper Group Annual, American Institute for Conservation4 (1985): 79–88.

Winter, J. “Paints and supports in Far Eastern pictorial art.” Paper Conservator9 (1985): 24–31.

Winter, J. “Some material points in the care of East Asian paintings.” International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship4 (1985): 251–64.

1984

Winter, J. “Natural adhesives in East Asian paintings.” InPreprints: Adhesives and Consolidants, 117–20. London: International Institute for Conservation, 1984.

Winter, J. “Pigments in China—A preliminary bibliography of identifications.” In Preprints of the 7th Triennial Meeting Copenhagen, Denmark 10–14 September, 1984, Vol. 2, 84.19.11–84.19.12. Paris: ICOM Committee for Conservation, in association with J. Paul Getty Trust, 1984.

1983

Chase, W. T. “Bronze casting in China: A short technical history.” InThe Great Bronze Age of China: A Symposium, edited by G. Kuwayama, 100–123. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1983.

Chase, W. T. “Abstract: Composition of Oriental bronzes: Another look.” In Application of Science in the Examination of Works of Art, edited by P. A. England and L. van Zelst, 71. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1983.

FitzHugh, E. W., andL. A. Zycherman. “An early man-made blue pigment from China—barium copper silicate.”Studies in Conservation28, no. 1 (1983): 15–23.

Winter, J. “The characterization of pigments based on carbon.”Studies in Conservation28 (1983): 49–66.

Winter, J. “Gold in Japanese paintings: a case history involving the kirikane technique.” InApplication of Science in the Examination of Works of Art, edited by P. A. England and L. van Zelst, 46–54. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1983.

1982

Chase, W. T.,and L. Zycherman. “Choosing dental plasters for use in the conservation workshop.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 21 (1982): 65–67.

Zycherman, L. A.“Ceramic conservation: When less is more.”Art and Antiques5, no. 46 (1982): 125–26.

Zycherman, L. A.“Technical examination of two owl-shaped tsun.”Ars Orientalis13 (1982): 59–92.

1981

Winter, J. “Lead white in Japanese paintings.”Studies in Conservation26 (1981): 89–101.

Winter, J. “White pigments in Japanese paintings.” In 6th Triennial Meeting, ICOM Committee for Conservation Report 81/20/4. Ottawa: ICOM, 1981.

1980

Chase, W. T., I. V. Bene, et al. “Appendix A: Examination and metallurgical analysis of Chorten 233.”Artibus Asiae42 (1980): 211–14.

Zycherman, L. A., and N. Veloz. “Conservation of a monumental outdoor bronze sculpture: Theodore Roosevelt by Paul Manship.”Journal of the American Institute for Conservation19 (1980): 24–33.

1979

Chase, W. T. “The conservation of a plastic mask by Marisol.”Journal of the American Institute for Conservation18 (1979): 82–94.

Chase, W. T. “Solid samples from metallic antiquities and their examination.”In International Symposium on the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Property—Cultural Property and Analytical Chemistry, 73–109. Tokyo: Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, 1979.

Chase, W. T., and U. M. Franklin. “Early Chinese black mirrors and pattern-etched weapons.”Ars Orientalis11 (1979): 215–58.

FitzHugh, E. W.“A pigment census of Ukiyo-e paintings in the Freer Gallery of Art.” Ars Orientalis11 (1979): 27–38.

FitzHugh, E. W., W. T. Chase, J. Winter, and L. A. Zycherman, eds. Ars Orientalis, vol. 11. Washington, DC: Freer Gallery of Art, and University of Michigan, 1979.

Koyano, M. Japanese scroll paintings: a handbook of mounting techniques. Washington, DC: Foundation of American Institute for Conservation, 1979.

Winter, J. “Deterioration mechanisms in East Asian paintings: some considerations of microscopic structure and mechanical failure modes.” In International Symposium on the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Property-Conservation of Far Eastern Art Objects, 27–48. Tokyo: Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, 1979.

1978

Chase, W. T. “Photomacrography of artifact inscriptions—how to bring out finite detail.”Functional Photography13, no. 5 (1978): 18–21.

Chase, W. T., and T. O. Ziebold. “Ternary representations of ancient Chinese bronze compositions.” InProceedings of Archaeological Chemistry—II, edited by G. F. Carter, 293–334. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1978.

Winter, J. “Reports on reference collections.” In 5th Triennial Meeting, ICOM Committee for Conservation, 78/8/2, 3. Zagreb: ICOM, 1978.

Winter, J. “Sources of reference materials for museum laboratories.” In 5th Triennial Meeting, ICOM Committee for Conservation, 78/8/3, 8. Zagreb: ICOM, 1978.

Zycherman, L. A. “Radiography at the Freer: new equipment and new techniques.”Technology and Conservation3 (1978): 28–32.

1977

Brown, B. F., H. C. Burnett, et al. “Corrosion and Metal Artifacts—A Dialogue between Conservators and Archaeologists and Corrosion Scientists.” InNBS special publication,479. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1977.

Winter, J., ed. ICOM Reports on Technical Studies and Conservation. Paris: International Council of Museums, 1977.

1976

Gettens, R. J. “Japanese painting: technical studies at the Freer Gallery of Art.” InConservation and Restoration of Pictorial Art, 241–52. London: IIC, Butterworths, 1976.

1975

Chase, W. T. “Bronze disease and its treatment.” InCatalogue of a special exhibition in the Bangkok National Museum, 22 March–22 June, 1975. Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Fine Arts, 1975.

Winter, J. “Note on the preparation and mounting of samples of chalk/glue ground from paintings for scanning electron microscopy.”Studies in Conservation20 (1975): 169–73.

Winter, J. “Some notes on the microstructure of Far Eastern paintings.” InProceedings of the 4th Triennial Meeting, ICOM Committee for Conservation, 6. Venice: ICOM, 1975.

Winter, J. “The working group on reference materials.” InProceedings of the 4th Triennial Meeting, ICOM Committee for Conservation, 8. Venice: ICOM, 1975.

1974

Chase, W. T. “Comparative analysis of archaeological bronzes.”Archaeological Chemistry138 (1974): 131–41.

Chase, W. T. “Conservation in the People’s Republic of China.”Bulletin of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works14, no. 2 (1974): 131–41.

Gettens, R. J., E. W. FitzHugh, et al. “Calcium carbonate whites.”Studies in Conservation19 (1974): 157–84.

Gettens, R. J., and E. W. FitzHugh. “Malachite and green verditer.”Studies in Conservation19 (1974): 2–23.

Winter, J. “Preliminary investigations on Chinese ink in Far Eastern paintings.”Archaeological Chemistry138 (1974): 207–25.

1973

Chase, W. T. “Examination of art objects in the Freer Gallery laboratory.”Ars Orientalis9 (1973): 79–88.

1972

Chase, W. T., and J. Hutt. “Aaron Draper Shattuck’s patent stretcher key.”Studies in Conservation17, no. 1 (1972): 12–29.

Gettens, R. J., R. L. Feller, et al. “Vermilion and cinnabar.”Studies in Conservation17 (1972): 45–69.

1971

Chase, W. T. “Egyptian blue as a pigment and ceramic material.” InScience and Archaeology, edited by R. H. Brill, 80–90. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1971.

Chase, W. T. “Science in art.” InThe McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology, 10–23. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1971.

FitzHugh, E. W., and R. J. Gettens. “Calclacite and other efflorescent salts on objects stored in wooden museum cases.” InScience and Archaeology, edited by R. H. Brill, 91–102. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1971.

Gettens, R. J., R. S. J. Clarke, et al. Two early Chinese weapons with meteoritic iron blades. Washington, DC: Freer Gallery of Art, 1971.

1970

Gettens, R. J. “Patina: noble and vile.” InArt and Archaeology, edited by S. Doeringer, D. G. Mitten, and A. Steinberg, 57–72. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970.

1969

Gettens, R. J.The Freer Chinese Bronzes. Vol. 2, Technical Studies. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1969.

Gettens, R. J.“IIC: an international association of conservators.”Museum News47 (1969): 11–14.

1968

Gettens, R. J. “Preservation and restoration of out-door metal sculptures.In Sixth Joint meeting of the Committee for Museum Laboratories and the Sub-committee for the Care of Paintings, Institut royal du Patrimoine artistique, Brussels, September 613, 1967, page numbers unknown. Paris: ICOM, 1968.

Chase, W. T. “The technical examination of two Sasanian silver plates.”Ars Orientalis7 (1968): 75–93.

Chase, W. T. “Three bronzes relating to the Princeton p’ou.”Record of the Art Museum28, no. 1 (1968): 11–12.

1967

Gettens, R. J., H. Kuhn, et al. “Lead white.”Studies in Conservation12, no. 4 (1967): 125–39.

Gettens, R. J., J. A. Pope, et al. The Freer Chinese Bronzes, vol. 1. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1967.

1966

Gettens, R. J., and E. W. FitzHugh. “Azurite and blue verditer.”Studies in Conservation11 (1966): 54–61.

1965

Gettens, R. J. “Joining methods in the fabrication of ancient Chinese Bronze ceremonial vessels.” InApplication of Science in Examination of Works of Art, 205–17. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1965.

1964

Gettens, R. J. “Conservators in Russia.”Museum News42 (1964): 11–17.

Gettens, R. J. “The corrosion products of metal antiquities.” InSmithsonian Institution, 547–68. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1964.

1963

Gettens, R. J. “Addendum to mineral alteration products on ancient metal objects (1961).” ICOM Committee on Museum Laboratories5 (1963).

West, E. H. “Jade: its character and occurrence.”Expedition5, no. 2 (1963): 2–11.

1962

Gettens, R. J. “IIC and ICOM: conservators meet in Rome and Barcelona.”Museum News40 (1962): 36–39.

Gettens, R. J. “Maya blue: an unsolved problem in ancient pigments.”American Antiquity27 (1962): 557–64.

Gettens, R. J. “Minerals in art and archaeology.” InSmithsonian Annual Report for 1961, 551–68. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1962.

Gettens, R. J. “Note on the composition, fabrication and condition of this Sui dynasty mirror.”Artibus Asiae25 (1962): 146–48.

Gettens, R. J., and C. R. Steen. “Tumacacori interior decorations.”Arizoniana3 (1962): 7–33.

1961

Gettens, R. J. “Mineral alteration products on ancient metal objects.” InProceedings of the IIC Rome Conference, 171–74. Rome: Butterworths, 1961.

Gettens, R. J. “Proposal for a handbook on analysis of materials of paintings.” InProceedings of the IIC Rome Conference, 26–28. Rome: Butterworths Scientific, 1961.

Gettens, R. J. “Teaching and research in art conservation.”Science133, no. 3460 (1961): 1212–16.

1960

Gettens, R. J. “European conservation laboratories.”Museum News39 (1960): 23–27.

1959

Gettens, R. J. “Examining tables in use at the Freer Gallery of Art.”Studies in Conservation4 (1959): 23–27.

Gettens, R. J. “The Freer Gallery laboratory for technical studies in Oriental art and archaeology.”Studies in Conservation4 (1959): 140–45.

West, E. H. “A ring-mount for micro-cross-sections of paint and other materials.”Studies in Conservation4 (1959): 27–31.

1958

Gettens, R. J. “The identification of pigments and inerts on paintings and other museum objects.” InApplication of Science in Examination of Works of Art, 31–49. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1958.

Gettens, R. J., and G. L. Stout. “A monument of Byzantine wall painting—the method of construction.”Studies in Conservation3 (1958): 107–19.

1957

Gettens, R. J., and C. L. Waring. “The composition of some ancient Persian and other Near Eastern silver objects.”Ars Orientalis2 (1957): 83–90.

1956

Gettens, R. J. “Report on the technical examination of bronze head of a Near Eastern bull.” InHittite Bronzes in the Fogg Art Museum, edited by P. G. M. A. Hanfmann and D. P. Hansen, 17–18. Boston: Fogg Art Museum, 1956.

Gettens, R. J. “The Identification of Non-Artifactual Archaeological Materials.” National Academy of Sciences Publication565 (1956): 32–34.

1955

Gettens, R. J., and B. M. Usilton. Abstracts of Technical Studies in Art and Archaeology, 1943–52. Washington, DC: Freer Gallery of Art, 1955.

Gettens, R. J., and C. Frondel. “Chalconatronite, a new mineral from Egypt.”Science122, no. 3158 (1955): 75–76.

Gettens, R. J., and C. Frondel. “Chalconatronite; an alteration product on some ancient Egyptian bronzes.”Studies in Conservation2 (1955): 64–74.

1954

Gettens, R. J. “A visit to an ancient gypsum quarry in Tuscany.”Studies in Conservation1 (1954): 190–92.

Gettens, R. J. “True and false vermilion on early Chinese ceramics.”Far Eastern Ceramic Bulletin6, no. 25 (1954): 16–27.

Gettens, R. J., and M. E. Mrose. “Calcium sulphate minerals in the grounds of Italian paintings.”Studies in Conservation1 (1954): 174–89.

BOSWORTH, Jenifer
Exhibits Conservator. Areas of specialty: preventive conservation; object conservation with focus on ethnographic objects

CHASE, Ellen Salzman
Objects Conservator. Area of specialty: conservation of inorganic and organic materials, including an interest in archaeological conservation methods

CLARKE, Matthew
Conservation Scientist. Areas of specialty: Spectroscopic and microscopic analyses, coatings, photographic materials.

DESTEFANO, Rhea
Paper Conservator. Areas of specialty: archival documents, art on paper, parchment.

GIACCAI, Jennifer
Conservation Scientist. Areas of specialty: technical studies of paints, pigments, dyes and their degradation processes; non-invasive methods for characterizing works of art; analysis of resins

GU, Xiangmei
East Asian Painting Conservator. Area of specialty: Chinese paintings

HARE, W. Andrew
Supervisory East Asian Painting Conservator. Areas of specialty: Japanese and Chinese paintings

JAN, Grace
Yao Wenqing Chinese Painting Conservator. Area of specialty: Chinese paintings

MCCARTHY, Blythe
Andrew W. Mellon Senior Scientist. Research specialties: technical studies of ceramics and glass; materials characterization

NIWA, Akiko
East Asian Painting Conservator. Area of speciality: Japanese paintings 

SCHORR, Alison 
Project Manager. Project coordination for DCSR

STRAHAN, Donna
Head. Areas of specialty: Object conservation with focus on ancient metals and lacquer

UEDA, Jiro
East Asian Painting Conservator. Area of specialty: Japanese paintings

Volunteers

DEVORE, Larry
Paper conservation & book rehousing

MANNES, Nancy
Creating a digital conservation library

SHINTANI, Yumi
East Asian paintings conservation

THOMAS, David
Degradation of Butvar resin

YANO, Gail
Science lab